This is our ongoing series of Linux Commands and Linux Performance Monitoring, in this article, you will learn about Vmstat and Iostat commands, which are available on all major Unix-like (Linux/Unix/FreeBSD/Solaris) Operating Systems.
vmstat command (also known as virtual memory statistic tool) shows information about processes, memory, disk, and CPU activity in Linux, whereas the iostat command is used to monitor CPU utilization, system input/output statistics for all the disks and partitions.
If vmstat and iostat commands are not available in your Linux machine, please install the sysstat package. The vmstat, sar, and iostat commands are the collection of package included in sysstat – the system monitoring tools.
You may download and install sysstat using the source tarball from link sysstat, but we recommend installing through the package manager.
Install Sysstat in Linux
$ sudo apt install sysstat [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint] $ sudo yum install sysstat [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux] $ sudo emerge -a app-admin/sysstat [On Gentoo Linux] $ sudo pacman -S sysstat [On Arch Linux] $ sudo zypper install sysstat [On OpenSUSE]
Learn Vmstat Command Examples in Linux
In this section, you will learn about 6 vmstat command examples and usage with screenshots.
1. List Active and Inactive Memory
In the below example, there are six columns. The significance of the columns are explained on the man page of vmstat in detail. The most important fields are free under memory and si, so under the swap column.
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -a procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu----- r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 1 0 0 810420 97380 70628 0 0 115 4 89 79 1 6 90 3 0
- Free – Amount of free/idle memory spaces.
- si – Swapped in every second from disk in KiloBytes.
- so – Swapped out every second to disk in KiloBytes.
Note: If you run vmstat without parameters it will display a summary report since system boot.
2. Execute vmstat ‘X’ seconds and (‘Number of times)
With this command, vmstat execute every two seconds and stop automatically after executing six intervals.
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat 2 6 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 810420 22064 101368 0 0 56 3 50 57 0 3 95 2 0 0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 16 35 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 14 35 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 17 38 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 17 35 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 810412 22064 101368 0 0 0 0 18 36 0 1 100 0 0
3. Vmstat with Timestamps
vmstat command with -t parameter shows timestamps with every line printed as shown below.
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -t 1 5 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------ ---timestamp--- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 632028 24992 192244 0 0 70 5 55 78 1 3 95 1 0 2012-09-02 14:57:18 IST 1 0 0 632028 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 171 514 1 5 94 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:19 IST 1 0 0 631904 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 195 600 0 5 95 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:20 IST 0 0 0 631780 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 156 524 0 5 95 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:21 IST 1 0 0 631656 24992 192244 0 0 0 0 189 592 0 5 95 0 0 2012-09-02 14:57:22 IST
4. Statistics of Various Counter
vmstat command with -s switch displays summary of various event counters and memory statistics.
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -s
1030800 total memory
524656 used memory
277784 active memory
185920 inactive memory
506144 free memory
26864 buffer memory
310104 swap cache
2064376 total swap
0 used swap
2064376 free swap
4539 non-nice user cpu ticks
0 nice user cpu ticks
11569 system cpu ticks
329608 idle cpu ticks
5012 IO-wait cpu ticks
79 IRQ cpu ticks
74 softirq cpu ticks
0 stolen cpu ticks
336038 pages paged in
67945 pages paged out
0 pages swapped in
0 pages swapped out
258526 interrupts
392439 CPU context switches
1346574857 boot time
2309 forks
5. Monitor Linux Disks Statistics
vmstat with -d option display all disks statistics of Linux.
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -d
disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
total merged sectors ms total merged sectors ms cur sec
ram0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ram15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
loop7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sr0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
sda 7712 5145 668732 409619 3282 28884 257402 644566 0 126
dm-0 11578 0 659242 1113017 32163 0 257384 8460026 0 126
dm-1 324 0 2592 3845 0 0 0 0 0 2
6. Display Statistics in Megabytes
The vmstat displays memory statistics in kilobytes by default, but you can also display reports with memory sizes in megabytes with the argument -S M. Consider the following example.
[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -S M 1 5 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 95 8 42 55 0 2 96 2 0 0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 12 15 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 32 62 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 15 13 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 346 53 476 0 0 0 0 34 61 0 1 99 0 0
Learn Iostat Command Examples in Linux
In this section, you will learn about 6 iostat command examples and usage with screenshots.
7. Display CPU and I/O Statistics of Disks
iostat without arguments displays CPU and I/O statistics of all partitions as shown below.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat
Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com) 09/03/2012 _i686_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.12 0.01 1.54 2.08 0.00 96.24
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 3.59 161.02 13.48 1086002 90882
dm-0 5.76 159.71 13.47 1077154 90864
dm-1 0.05 0.38 0.00 2576 0
8. Shows Linux CPU Statistics
iostat with -c arguments displays only CPU statistics as shown below.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -c
Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com) 09/03/2012 _i686_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.12 0.01 1.47 1.98 0.00 96.42
9. Shows Linux Disks I/O Statistics
iostat with -d arguments display only disk I/O statistics of all partitions as shown.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -d Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com) 09/03/2012 _i686_ (1 CPU) Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn sda 3.35 149.81 12.66 1086002 91746 dm-0 5.37 148.59 12.65 1077154 91728 dm-1 0.04 0.36 0.00 2576 0
10. Shows I/O Statistics of Specific Device
By default, it displays statistics of all partitions, with -p and device name arguments display only disks I/O statistics for specific device only as shown.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -p sda
Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com) 09/03/2012 _i686_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.11 0.01 1.44 1.92 0.00 96.52
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 3.32 148.52 12.55 1086002 91770
sda1 0.07 0.56 0.00 4120 18
sda2 3.22 147.79 12.55 1080650 91752
11. Display LVM Statistics
With -N (Uppercase) parameter displays only LVM statistics as shown.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -N
Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com) 09/03/2012 _i686_ (1 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.11 0.01 1.39 1.85 0.00 96.64
Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
sda 3.20 142.84 12.16 1086002 92466
vg_tecmint-lv_root 5.13 141.68 12.16 1077154 92448
vg_tecmint-lv_swap 0.04 0.34 0.00 2576 0
12. Check Iostat Version
With -V (Uppercase) parameter display version of iostat as shown.
[root@tecmint ~]# iostat -V sysstat version 11.7.3 (C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat orange.fr)
The vmstat and iostat contain a number of columns and flags which may not possible to explain in detail. If you want to know more about it you may refer man page of vmstat and iostat.
# man vmstat # man iostat
Please share it if you find this article is useful through our comment box below.
Hi Ravi,
I am doing load testing Linux servers (need to write CPU, Memory, Disk performance metrics to file for 1-hour load test duration) which command I have to write to get the metrics to write into a csv file
Thanks,
Pavan
“Install Sysstat in Linux” – The directions given are for Red Hat-based distros, NOT for all Linux distros.
In Example 6, lower case ‘k‘ and ‘m‘ will display statistics in decimal kilobytes and megabytes. Upper case ‘K‘ and ‘M‘ will display statistics in hex kilobytes and megabytes. Option
-Sswitches between the two formats. The write up does not make that point clear.@Dragonmouth,
Thanks for notifying, I have updated the article and included instructions for other Linux distributions as well with a correct explanation about point 6 as pointed by you…
Hello,
How to find out which disk is failed.
Thanks
How to check CPU utilization Linux Kernel Module wise??
Hello friend, I also wanted to point out that in debian Linux (Ubuntu here) that the vmstat -t parameter does not work. Thank you
@Nerizi,
Thanks for your findings, is there any alternative command for same vmstat -t in Debian/Ubuntu?
Is there a way to display only the following parameters every 5 seconds:
the current time, CPU utilization, current memory utilization, current disk space utilization, and currently logged in users at the same? Thanks!
@Nerizi,
You can use following command to monitor current time, logged in users, load average.
For CPU and Disk utilization you can use our following shell script that will monitor your entire system..
https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-health-monitoring-script/
How to get historical data of disk I/O using “iostat” command which is possible in “sar” command.
Thanks
Vijay
what does iostat -k 10 means, and please any body let me know
show iostat statistical info every 10 sec in Kilo Bytes
You wrote :
Free – Amount of free/idle memory spaces.
But can you tell me what exactly you mean by “Amount”?
Is it COUNT OF TOTAL FREE PAGE BLOCKS (In most case 1 Page Block = 4096 Bits)
or measured in MBytes or Mbits Or KByes or Kbits ??
Please clarify?
How would your calculate free memory in Mega Bits?
Replay Must.
Hello Sir,
I want to know that how can we know bottelneck by looking these output. Please tell me according to CPU, Memory and HDD.
Thanks for reply.
Just to mention, vmstat is not from package sysstat, it is from procps
Can we show only vmstat cpu? If so, how?
I have a question.
I wanted to print vmstat with timestamp on LinuxMint 13 with bash shell but seems your
command
vmstat -t
does not works. It says there is no such argument as -t.
Is there other command for vmstat on OS like Linux Mint/Ubuntu which i can use to print vmstat with Timestamp.
I know it works for AIX but not for LM/Ubuntu. :S
@YM:
iostat -d 5 | tee -a monitor.txt
Log will appear in screen and save to monitor.txt simultaneously :D
Thank you.
Was able to write io logs, but when tried the same, i get “netstat: extra arguements”, but when tried netstat -a, logs were written into a file.
Please advice me on how to overcome this?
Thanks in advance.
i need to monitor iostat and netstat for the app server, i need to monitor it for a particular time period with a time interval of 5 sec and write these logs to a particular file. am not sure of how do i do that. please gice suggestions.
Do that this way, The below command append output to file “monitor.txt” every 5 seconds.
Same way do it for netstat.
you made a mistake
si – Swaped in every second from disk in Kilo Bytes.
si – Swaped out every second to disk in Kilo Bytes.
(i think you meant so second time)
Thanks. its corrected now..